Lugh

[Danu]

Lugh (pronounced /ˈluː/; modern Irish Lú, earlier Lug) is an Irish deity represented in mythological texts as a hero and High King of the distant past. He is known by the epithets Lámhfhada ("long hand"), for his skill with a spear or sling, Ildanach ("skilled in many arts"), Samh-ildánach ("Equally skilled in many arts"), Lonnbeimnech ("fierce striker" or perhaps "sword-shouter") and Macnia ("boy hero"), and by the matronymic mac Ethlenn or mac Ethnenn ("son of Ethliu or Ethniu"). He is a reflex of the pan-Celtic god Lugus, and his Welsh counterpart is Lleu Llaw Gyffes "Lugh Strong Hand".

Lugh in Irish tradition
Birth
Lugh's father is Cian of the Tuatha Dé Danann, and his mother is Ethniu, daughter of Balor, of the Fomorians. In Cath Maige Tuired their union is a dynastic marriage following an alliance between the Tuatha Dé and the Fomorians.[1] In the Lebor Gabála Érenn Cian gives the boy to Tailtiu, queen of the Fir Bolg, in fosterage.[2]

A folktale told to John O'Donovan by Shane O'Dugan of Tory Island in 1835 recounts the birth of a grandson of Balor who grows up to kill his grandfather. The grandson is unnamed, his father is called Mac Cinnfhaelaidh and the manner of his killing of Balor is different, but it has been taken as a version of the birth of Lugh, and was adapted as such by Lady Gregory. In this tale, Balor hears a druid's prophesy that he will be killed by his own grandson. To prevent this he imprisons his only daughter in the Tór Mór (great tower) of Tory Island, cared for by twelve women, who are to prevent her ever meeting or even learning of the existence of men. On the mainland, Mac Cinnfhaelaidh owns a magic cow who gives such abundant milk that everyone, including Balor, wants to possess her. While the cow is in the care of MacKineely's brother Mac Samthainn, Balor appears in the form of a little red-haired boy and tricks him into giving him the cow. Looking for revenge, Mac Cinnfhaelaidh calls on a leanan sídhe (fairy woman) called Biróg, who transports him by magic to the top of Balor's tower, where he seduces Eithne. It time she gives birth to triplets, which Balor gathers up in a sheet and sends to be drowned in a whirlpool. The messenger drowns two of the babies, but unwittingly drops one child into the harbour, where he is rescued by Biróg. She takes him to his father, who gives him to his brother, Gavida the smith, in fosterage.[3]

There may be further triplism associated with his birth. His father in the folktale is one of a triad of brothers, Mac Cinnfhaelaidh, Gavida and Mac Samthainn, and his father in the medieval texts, Cian, is often mentioned together with his brothers Cú and Cethen.[4] Two characters called Lugaid, a popular medieval Irish name thought to derive from Lugh, have three fathers: Lugaid Riab nDerg (Lugaid of the Red Stripes) was the son of the three Findemna or fair triplets,[5] and Lugaid mac Con Roí was also known as mac Trí Con, "son of three hounds".[6] In Ireland's other great "sequestered maiden" story, the tragedy of Deirdre, the king's intended is carried off by three brothers, who are hunters with hounds.[7] The canine imagery continues with Cian's brother Cú ("hound"), another Lugaid, Lugaid mac Con (son of a hound), and Lugh's son Cúchulainn ("Culann's Hound").[8]

Lugh joins the Tuatha Dé Danann
As a young man Lugh travels to Tara to join the court of king Nuada of the Tuatha Dé Danann. The doorkeeper will not let him in unless he has a skill with which to serve the king. He offers his services as a wright, a smith, a champion, a swordsman, a harpist, a hero, a poet and historian, a sorcerer, and a craftsman, but each time is rejected as the Tuatha Dé Danann already have someone with that skill. But when Lugh asks if they have anyone with all those skills simultaneously, the doorkeeper has to admit defeat, and Lugh joins the court. He wins a flagstone-throwing contest against Ogma, the champion, and entertains the court with his harp. The Tuatha Dé are at that time oppressed by the Fomorians, and Lugh is amazed how meekly they accept this. Nuada wonders if this young man could lead them to freedom. Lugh is given command over the Tuatha Dé, and he begins making preparations for war.[9]

The sons of Tuireann
When the sons of Tuireann, Brian, Iuchar and Iucharba, kill his father, Cian (who was in the form of a pig at the time), Lugh sets them a series of seemingly impossible quests as recompense. They achieve them all, but are fatally wounded in completing the last one. Despite Tuireann's pleas, Lugh denies them the use of one of the items they have retrieved, a magic pigskin which heals all wounds. They die of their wounds, and Tuireann dies of grief over their bodies.[10]

The Battle of Magh Tuireadh
Using the magic artifacts the sons of Tuireann have gathered, Lugh leads the Tuatha Dé Danann in the Second Battle of Mag Tuireadh against the Fomorians. Nuada is killed in the battle by Balor. Lugh faces Balor, who opens his terrible, poisonous eye that kills all it looks upon, but Lugh shoots a sling-stone that drives his eye out the back of his head, wreaking havoc on the Fomorian army behind. After the victory Lugh finds Bres, the half-Fomorian former king of the Tuatha Dé, alone and unprotected on the battlefield, and Bres begs for his life. If he is spared, he promises, he will ensure that the cows of Ireland always give milk. The Tuatha Dé refuse the offer. He then promises four harvests a year, but the Tuatha Dé say one harvest a year suits them. But Lugh spares his life on the condition that he teach the Tuatha Dé how and when to plough, sow and reap.[11] It is widely held by scholars that the battle between Lugh and Balor reflects a common Indo-European motif, the battle between the youthful hero and his tyrant grandfather.

Later life and death
Lugh instituted a harvest fair during the festival of Lughnasadh in memory of his foster-mother, Tailtiu, held on 1 August at the town that bears her name (now Teltown, County Meath). He likewise instituted Lughnasadh fairs in the areas of Carman and Naas in honour of Carman and Nás, the eponymous tutelary goddess of these two regions. Horse races and displays of martial arts were important activities at all three fairs. However, Lughnasadh itself is a celebration of Lugh's triumph over the spirits of the Other World who had tried to keep the harvest for themselves. It survived long into Christian times and is still celebrated under a variety of names. Lúnasa is now the Irish name for the month of August.

According to a poem of the dindsenchas, Lugh was responsible for the death of Bres. He made 300 wooden cows, and filled them with a bitter, poisonous red liquid which was then "milked" into pails and offered to Bres to drink. Bres, who was under an obligation not to refuse hospitality, drank it down without flinching, and it killed him.[12]

Lug is said to have invented the board game fidchell. He had a dog called Failinis.

He had several wives, including Buí and Nás, daughters of Ruadri, king of Britain. Buí lived and was buried at Knowth. Nás was buried at Naas, County Kildare, which is named after her. Lug had a son, Ibic, by Nás.[13] His daughter or sister was Ebliu, who married Fintan. One of his wives, unnamed, had an affair with Cermait, son of the Dagda. Lug killed him in revenge, but Cermait's sons, Mac Cuill, Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine, killed Lug in return, drowning him in Loch Lugborta. He had ruled for forty years.

Lugh in other cycles and traditions
* In the Ulster Cycle he fathered Cúchulainn with the mortal maiden Deichtine. When Cúchulainn lay wounded after a gruelling series of combats during the Táin Bó Cuailnge (Cattle Raid of Cooley), Lugh appeared and healed his wounds over a period of three days.
* In Baile in Scáil (The Phantom's Trance), a story of the Historical Cycle, Lugh appeared in a vision to Conn of the Hundred Battles. Enthroned on a daïs, he directed a beautiful woman called the Sovereignty of Ireland to serve Conn a portion of meat and a cup of red ale, ritually confirming his right to rule and the dynasty that would follow him.
* In the Fenian Cycle the dwarf harper Cnú Deireóil claimed to be Lugh's son.
* The Luigne, a people who inhabited Counties Meath and Sligo, claimed descent from him.


Lugh’s weapons
Lugh’s sling rod was the rainbow and the Milky Way was called "Lugh's Chain". He also had a magic spear (named Brionac), which, unlike the rod-sling, he had no need to wield, himself; for it was alive, and thirsted so for blood that only by steeping its head in a sleeping-draught of pounded fresh poppy seeds could it be kept at rest. When battle was near, it was drawn out; then it roared and struggled against its thongs; fire flashed from it; and, once slipped from the leash, it tore through and through the ranks of the enemy, never tired of slaying.

Lugh’s hound
Another of his possessions was a magic hound which an ancient poem, one attributed to the Fenian hero, Caoilte, calls,
“That hound of mightiest deeds,

Which was irresistible in hardness of combat,
Was better than wealth ever known,
A ball of fire every night.

Other virtues had that beautiful hound
(Better this property than any other property),
Mead or wine would grow of it,
Should it bathe in spring water."

Lugh's name and nature
Lugh's name was formerly interpreted as deriving from the Proto-Indo-European root *leuk-, "flashing light", and he is often surrounded by solar imagery, so from Victorian times he has often been considered a sun god, similar to the Greco-Roman Apollo. He appears in folklore as a trickster, and in County Mayo thunderstorms were referred to as battles between Lug and Balor, so he is sometimes considered a storm god: Alexei Kondratiev notes his epithet lonnbeimnech ("fierce striker") and concludes that "if his name has any relation to 'light' it more properly means 'lightning-flash' (as in Breton luc'h and Cornish lughes)".[14] However, Breton and Cornish are Brythonic languages in which Proto-Celtic *k did undergo systematic sound changes into -gh- and -ch-. This change did not occur in Irish, so it is unlikely that Lugh derives from the root *leuk-, nor is it related to any other Proto-Indo-European root connoting luminosity.

Lugh's mastery of all arts has led many to link him with the un-named Gaulish god Julius Caesar identifies with Mercury, whom he describes as the "inventor of all the arts".[15] Caesar describes the Gaulish Mercury as the most revered deity in Gaul, overseeing journeys and business transactions. Juliette Wood interprets Lugh's name as deriving from the Celtic root *lugios, "oath", and the Irish word lugh connotes ideas of "blasphemy, cussing, lies, bond, joint, binding oath",[16] which strengthens the identification with Mercury, who was, among other attributes, a god of contracts.

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Lugh the Long Handed
Name: Lugh Lámhfada / Lugaid / Lugaidh / Lonnansclech/ Luga/ Lámfada/

'Light' 'Long-Handed'

Title: Samildánach (meaning 'All Skills')/ Ildánach

Patronymics: mac Céin :: mac Ethlenn :: Maicnia (boy-warrior)

Counterparts: Wales - Lleu Llaw Gyffes

Gaul - Lugos/Lugus/Mercury

Properties: God of Light, God of the Harvest

Associated Deities: Danu, Medb

Associated Sites: Brugh na Boinne/Newgrange :: Moytura :: Teltown/Tailltiu

Profession: Master of All Arts & Crafts, Master Druid, King, Warrior

Wives: Buí/Boí :: Nás :: Echtach :: Énglic

Father: Cian Mac Diancecht

Mother: Ethnea Ní Bhaloir

Sister: Ebliu wife of Fintan

Half-Sister: Muirne 'of the White Neck'

Foster Father: Manannan Mac Lír

Foster Mother: Tailtiu wife of Eochaid Mac Eirc :: some sources give Duach as his foster-mother an ancestress of Tailtiu

Paternal Grandfather: Dian Cécht

Maternal Grandfather: Balor of the Evil Eye

Maternal Grandmother: Ceithlenn

Race: Fomorian & Tuatha Dé Danann

Sons: Cúchulainn Cnu Deireoil

Consort: Dechtire (whose great grandfather was the Dagda)

Festival: Lughnasa / Lughnasadh

Sacred Month: August

Herbs: Healing, Sleep Inducing.: hops : chamomile : hemp

Horse: Enbarr of the flowing mane on loan from Manannan

Dog: Failinis

Associated Tribes: The Luigni of Meath and Sligo

Weapons: Gae Assail - The Spear of Assal one of the four treasures of the Tuatha de Danann

The God Lugh was the God of Light or the harvest, a festival was held in his honour in August called Lughnasa, August was his sacred month. He was reputed to be the divine father of Cúchulainn whom he conceived with Dechtire when he carried her away to his palace beneath Brugh na Boinne.

He was known as Ildánach which means master of all arts and crafts. When he first went to the palace of the King Nuada he was stopped at the door by the sentry who said only those with a skill may pass. Lugh said he was a wright but he got the reply that they had one already and so Lugh named all his professions in turn: smith, champion, harper, poet-historian, sorcerer, physician, cupbearer, craftsman in metal only to be told the Tuatha Dé already had experts in these. So then Lugh asked had they got one man who had the whole combination of skills and the reply was no and so he was allowed enter.

He is credited with creating Fidhchell the classic boardgame of Celtic tradition, as well as ball games and horsemanship.

Lugh the Long-handed became a king after Nuada of the Silver Arm who was ruler of the Tuatha Dé decided to give the sovereignty to Lugh after seeing a display of his technical skills and feeling he was the one person who could overthrow the Fomorians. Lugh organized everyone to their maximum potential against the Fomorians and killed their leader Balor of the Evil Eye with a slingshot through his eye which then turned its baleful gaze onto his own men, this occurred at the second battle of Magh Tuiredh. Balor was his grandfather and his slaying fulfilled a prophecy which Balor's Druid had given him many years previously.

Lugh was killed by Mac Cuill, Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine in revenge for his killing of their father Cermait who had slept with one of Lugh's wives. The attack occurs near the hill of Uisnech, Lugh flees from the combined might of the three gods and is drowned in Loch Lugborta, his cairn is located near the shore. There are variant traditions which have him buried either at Newgrange or at Luglochta Loga the fortress of Forgall Monach in Co. Louth.

Stories, Myth & Legends associated with Lugh:

The Fate of the Children of Turenn

Bres Mac Elatha and the Tuatha Dé Danann

The Second Battle of Magh Tuiredh

The Birth of Cúchulainn

Lugh and Cúchulainn

The Coming of Finn

Finn's Household

The Fair of Tailtiu

The Courting of Emer

The Story of the Tuatha De Danann

Deathtales of the Tuatha De Danann

Baile In Scail - The Phantom's Frenzy

Cat-Heads and Dog-Heads

Metrical Dindsenchas - Nas

The Hidden House of Lugh

[Danu]

Lugh is the son of Ethlinn and Cian, the god of medicine.
Before Lugh’s birth, an oracle prophesized to his grandfather, Balor, that he would be killed by one of his grandchildren. To
keep this from happening, Balor locked up his daughter, Ethlinn, in a tower to keep her away from all men. However, Cian
managed to get into the tower and Ethlinn later gave birth to triplets.
As soon as Balor heard of the birth, he ordered the triplets to be thrown into the sea. Each infant was wrapped heavily in
cloth. Somehow Lugh fell from his wrapping and was saved by the Sea Goddess. She raised Lugh in secret and when he became
a man, he went to live with the people of the Goddess Dana, later becoming their King
History:
Lugh is the god of Light and the Sun, and of crops. King of Tuatha De Danaan.
We celebrate him during Lughnasadh.
He is believed to have many talents and skills.


The Names of
Lugh
Lliu
Llew
Lamfhada


One of the most famous stories of Lugh is told in the Battle of
Magh Tuiredh. Lugh travelled to Tara, the hall of the kings. It
was a tradition of Tara that only those with talent could enter the
great hall.
When he arrived at the gates and was met by the gate keeper,
Lugh was not allowed to enter. He first had to prove he had a
talent that was in need by the king.
Lugh went through his long list of talents, and to each he was told
by the gate keeper the talent was not needed. Finally, at the end
of Lugh’s list of skills he asked the gate keeper if they had anyone
who could do all of Lugh’s skills at the same time. The gate
keeper was forced to respond with a no, and Lugh was allowed to
enter the gates of Tara.


Lugh has always been portrayed as being eternally
youthful, handsome, and strong. He is full of energy
and vitality.
Some believe he was a mixture of Cernynnis and Pan.
His sacred symbol is the spear, yet he was believed to
be a very compassionate God.